The first part of this two-part series detailed how we can get a two-thumb slider. Now we’ll look at a general multi-thumb case, but with a different and better technique for creating the fills in between the thumbs. And finally, we’ll dive into the how behind the styling a realistic 3D-looking slider and a flat one.

A better, more flexible approach

Let’s say that, on a wrapper pseudo-element that covers the same area as the range inputs, we stack left-to–right linear-gradient() layers corresponding to each thumb. Each gradient layer is fully opaque (i.e. the alpha is 1) from the track minimum up to the thumb’s mid-line, after which it’s fully transparent (i.e. the alpha is 0).

Note that the RGB values don’t matter because all we care about are the alpha values. I personally use the red (for the fully opaque part) and transparent keywords in the code because they do the job with the least amount of characters.

How do we compute the gradient stop positions where we go from fully opaque to fully transparent? Well, these positions are always situated between a thumb radius from the left edge and a thumb radius from the right edge, so they are within a range that’s equal to the useful width (the track width, minus the thumb diameter).

This means we first add a thumb radius.Then we compute the progress by dividing the difference between the current thumb’s position and the minimum to the difference (--dif) between the maximum and the minimum. This progress value is a number in the [0, 1] interval — that’s 0 when the current thumb position is at the slider’s minimum, and 1 when the current thumb position is at the slider’s maximum. To get where exactly along that useful width interval we are, we multiply this progress value with the useful width.

The position we’re after is the sum between these two length values: the thumb radius and how far we are across the useful width interval.

The demo below allows us to see how everything looks stacked up in the 2D view and how exactly the range inputs and the gradients on their parent’s pseudo-element get layered in the 3D view. It’s also interactive, so we can drag the slider thumbs and see how the corresponding fill (which is created by a gradient layer on its parent’s pseudo-element) changes.

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

The demo is best viewed in Chrome and Firefox.

Alright, but simply stacking these gradient layers doesn’t give us the result we’re after.

The solution here is to make these gradients mask layers and then XOR them (more precisely, in the case of CSS masks, this means to XOR their alphas).

If you need a refresher on how XOR works, here’s one: given two inputs, the output of this operation is 1 if the input values are different (one of them is 1 and the other one is 0) and 0 if the input values are identical (both of them are 0 or both of them are 1)

The truth table for the XOR operation looks as follows:

You can also play with it in the following interactive demo, where you can toggle the input values and see how the output changes:

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

In our case, the input values are the alphas of the gradient mask layers along the horizontal axis. XOR-ing multiple layers means doing so for the first two from the bottom, then XOR-ing the third from the bottom with the result of the previous XOR operation and so on. For our particular case of left-to-right gradients with an alpha equal to 1 up to a point (decided by the corresponding thumb value) and then 0, it looks as illustrated below (we start from the bottom and work our way up):

Where both layers from the bottom have an alpha of 1, the resulting layer we get after XOR-ing them has an alpha of 0. Where they have different alpha values, the resulting layer has an alpha of 1. Where they both have an alpha of 0, the resulting layer has an alpha of 0.

Moving up, we XOR the third layer with the resulting layer we got at the previous step. Where both these layers have the same alpha, the alpha of the layer that results from this second XOR operation is 0. Where they have different alphas, the resulting alpha is 1.

Similarly, we then XOR the fourth layer from the bottom with the layer resulting from the second stage XOR operation.

In terms of CSS, this means using the exclude value for the standard mask-composite and the xor value for the non-standard -webkit-mask-composite. (For a better understanding of mask compositing, check out the crash course.)

This technique gives us exactly the result we want while also allowing us to use a single pseudo-element for all the fills. It’s also a technique that works for any number of thumbs. Let’s see how we can put it into code!

In order to keep things fully flexible, we start by altering the Pug code such that it allows to add or remove a thumb and update everything else accordingly by simply adding or removing an item from an array of thumb objects, where every object contains a value and a label (which will be only for screen readers):

- let min = -50, max = 50;
- let thumbs = [
-   { val: -15, lbl: 'Value A' }, 
-   { val: 20, lbl: 'Value B' }, 
-   { val: -35, lbl: 'Value C' }, 
-   { val: 45, lbl: 'Value D' }
- ];
- let nv = thumbs.length;

.wrap(role='group' aria-labelledby='multi-lbl' 
      style=`${thumbs.map((c, i) => `--v${i}: ${c.val}`).join('; ')}; 
             --min: ${min}; --max: ${max}`)
  #multi-lbl Multi thumb slider:
    - for(let i = 0; i < nv; i++)
      label.sr-only(for=`v${i}`) #{thumbs[i].lbl}
      input(type='range' id=`v${i}` min=min value=thumbs[i].val max=max)
      output(for=`v${i}` style=`--c: var(--v${i})`)

In the particular case of these exact four values, the generated markup looks as follows:

<div class='wrap' role='group' aria-labelledby='multi-lbl' 
     style='--v0: -15; --v1: 20; --v2: -35; --v3: 45; --min: -50; --max: 50'>
  <div id='multi-lbl'>Multi thumb slider:</div>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v0'>Value A</label>
  <input type='range' id='v0' min='-50' value='-15' max='50'/>
  <output for='v0' style='--c: var(--v0)'></output>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v1'>Value B</label>
  <input type='range' id='v1' min='-50' value='20' max='50'/>
  <output for='v1' style='--c: var(--v1)'></output>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v2'>Value C</label>
  <input type='range' id='v2' min='-50' value='-35' max='50'/>
  <output for='v2' style='--c: var(--v2)'></output>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v3'>Value D</label>
  <input type='range' id='v3' min='-50' value='45' max='50'/>
  <output for='v3' style='--c: var(--v3)'></output>
</div>

We don’t need to add anything to the CSS or the JavaScript for this to give us a functional slider where the <output> values get updated as we drag the sliders. However, having four <output> elements while the wrapper’s grid still has two columns would break the layout. So, for now, we remove the row introduced for the <output> elements, position these elements absolutely and only make them visible when the corresponding <input> is focused. We also remove the remains of the previous solution that uses both pseudo-elements on the wrapper.

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  grid-template-rows: max-content #{$h}; /* only 2 rows now */

  &::after {
    background: #95a;
    // content: ''; // don't display for now
    grid-column: 1/ span 2;
    grid-row: 3;
  }
}

input[type='range'] {
  /* same as before */
  grid-row: 2; /* last row is second row now */
}

output {
  color: transparent;
  position: absolute;
  right: 0;
	
  &::after {
    content: counter(c);
    counter-reset: c var(--c);
  }
}

We’ll be doing more to prettify the result later, but for now, here’s what we have:

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

Next, we need to get those thumb to thumb fills. We do this by generating the mask layers in the Pug and putting them in a --fill custom property on the wrapper.

//- same as before
- let layers = thumbs.map((c, i) => `linear-gradient(90deg, red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v${i}) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), transparent 0)`);

.wrap(role='group' aria-labelledby='multi-lbl' 
  style=`${thumbs.map((c, i) => `--v${i}: ${c.val}`).join('; ')}; 
    --min: ${min}; --max: ${max};
    --fill: ${layers.join(', ')}`)
  // - same as before

The generated HTML for the particular case of four thumbs with these values can be seen below. Note that this gets altered automatically if we add or remove items from the initial array:

<div class='wrap' role='group' aria-labelledby='multi-lbl' 
  style='--v0: -15; --v1: 20; --v2: -35; --v3: 45; 
    --min: -50; --max: 50;
    --fill: 
      linear-gradient(90deg, 
        red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v0) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
        transparent 0), 
      linear-gradient(90deg, 
        red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v1) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
        transparent 0), 
      linear-gradient(90deg, 
        red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v2) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
        transparent 0), 
      linear-gradient(90deg, 
        red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v3) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
        transparent 0)'>
  <div id='multi-lbl'>Multi thumb slider:</div>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v0'>Value A</label>
  <input type='range' id='v0' min='-50' value='-15' max='50'/>
  <output for='v0' style='--c: var(--v0)'></output>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v1'>Value B</label>
  <input type='range' id='v1' min='-50' value='20' max='50'/>
  <output for='v1' style='--c: var(--v1)'></output>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v2'>Value C</label>
  <input type='range' id='v2' min='-50' value='-35' max='50'/>
  <output for='v2' style='--c: var(--v2)'></output>
  <label class='sr-only' for='v3'>Value D</label>
  <input type='range' id='v3' min='-50' value='45' max='50'/>
  <output for='v3' style='--c: var(--v3)'></output>
</div>

Note that this means we need to turn the Sass variables relating to dimensions into CSS variables and replace the Sass variables in the properties that use them:

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  --w: 20em;
  --h: 4em;
  --d: calc(.5*var(--h));
  --r: calc(.5*var(--d));
  --uw: calc(var(--w) - var(--d));
  background: linear-gradient(0deg, #ccc var(--h), transparent 0);
  grid-template: max-content var(--h)/ var(--w);
  width: var(--w);
}

We set our mask Oo the wrapper’s ::after pseudo-element:

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  
  &::after {
    content: '';
    background: #95a;
    grid-column: 1/ span 2;
    grid-row: 2;

    /* non-standard WebKit version */
    -webkit-mask: var(--fill);
    -webkit-mask-composite: xor;

    /* standard version, supported in Firefox */
    mask: var(--fill);
    mask-composite: exclude;
  }
}

Now we have exactly what we want and the really cool thing about this technique is that all we need to do to change the number of thumbs is add or remove thumb objects (with a value and a label for each) to the thumbs array in the Pug code — absolutely nothing else needs to change!

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

Prettifying tweaks

What we have so far is anything but a pretty sight. So let’s start fixing that!

Option #1: a realistic look

Let’s say we want to achieve the result below:

A first step would be to make the track the same height as the thumb and round the track ends. Up to this point, we’ve emulated the track with a background on the .wrap element. While it’s technically possible to emulate a track with rounded ends by using layered linear and radial gradients, it’s really not the best solution, especially when the wrapper still has a free pseudo-element (the ::before).

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  --h: 2em;
  --d: var(--h);
  
  &::before, &::after {
    border-radius: var(--r);
    background: #ccc;
    content: '';
    grid-column: 1/ span 2;
    grid-row: 2;
  }
  
  &::after {
    background: #95a;

    /* non-standard WebKit version */
    -webkit-mask: var(--fill);
    -webkit-mask-composite: xor;

    /* standard version, supported in Firefox */
    mask: var(--fill);
    mask-composite: exclude;
  }
}

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

Using ::before to emulate the track opens up the possibility of getting a slightly 3D look:

<pre rel="SCSS"><code class="language-scss">.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  
  &::before, &::after {
    /* same as before */
    box-shadow: inset 0 2px 3px rgba(#000, .3);
  }
  
  &::after {
    /* same as before */
    background: 
      linear-gradient(rgba(#fff, .3), rgba(#000, .3))
      #95a;
  }
}

I’m by no means a designer, so those values could probably be tweaked for a better looking result, but we can already see a difference:

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

This leaves us with a really ugly thumb, so let’s fix that part as well!

We make use of the technique of layering multiple backgrounds with different background-clip (and background-origin) values.

@mixin thumb() {
  border: solid calc(.5*var(--r)) transparent;
  border-radius: 50%; /* make circular */
  box-sizing: border-box; /* different between Chrome & Firefox */
  /* box-sizing needed now that we have a non-zero border */
  background: 
    linear-gradient(rgba(#000, .15), rgba(#fff, .2)) content-box, 
    linear-gradient(rgba(#fff, .3), rgba(#000, .3)) border-box, 
    currentcolor;
  pointer-events: auto;
  width: var(--d); height: var(--d);
}

I’ve described this technique in a lot of detail in an older article. Make sure you check it out if you need a refresher!

The above bit of code would do close to nothing, however, if the currentcolor value is black (#000) which it is right now. Let’s fix that and also change the cursor on the thumbs to something more fitting:

input[type='range'] {
  /* same as before */
  color: #eee;
  cursor: grab;
  
  &:active { cursor: grabbing; }
}

The result is certainly more satisfying than before:

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

Something else that really bothers me is how close the label text is to the slider. We can fix this by introducing a grid-gap on the wrapper:

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  grid-gap: .625em;
}

But the worst problem we still have are those absolutely positioned outputs in the top right corner. The best way to fix this is to introduce a third grid row for them and move them with the thumbs.

The position of the thumbs is computed in a similar manner to that of the sharp stops of the gradient layers we use for the fill mask.

Initially, we place the left edge of the outputs along the vertical line that’s a thumb radius --r away from the left edge of the slider. In order to middle align the outputs with this vertical line, we translate them back (to the left, in the negative direction of the x-axis, so we need a minus sign) by half of their width (50%, as percentage values in translate() functions are relative to the dimensions of the element the transform is applied to).

In order to move them with the thumbs, we subtract the minimum value (--min) from the current value of the corresponding thumb (--c), divide this difference by the difference (--dif) between the maximum value (--max) and the minimum value (--min). This gives us a progress value in the [0, 1] interval. We then multiply this value with the useful width (--uw), which describes the real range of motion.

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  grid-template-rows: max-content var(--h) max-content;
}

output {
  background: currentcolor;
  border-radius: 5px;
  color: transparent;
  grid-column: 1;
  grid-row: 3;
  margin-left: var(--r);
  padding: 0 .375em;
  transform: translate(calc((var(--c) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw) - 50%));
  width: max-content;
  
  &::after {
    color: #fff;
    content: counter(c);
    counter-reset: c var(--c);
  }
}

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

This looks much better at a first glance. However, a closer inspection reveals that we still have a bunch of problems.

The first one is that overflow: hidden cuts out a bit of the <output> elements when we get to the track end.

In order to fix this, we must understand what exactly overflow: hidden does. It cuts out everything outside an element’s padding-box, as illustrated by the interactive demo below, where you can click the code to toggle the CSS declaration.

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

This means a quick fix for this issue is to add a big enough lateral padding on the wrapper .wrap.

padding: 0 2em;

We’re styling our multi-thumb slider in isolation here, but, in reality, it probably won’t be the only thing on a page, so, if spacing is limited, we can invert that lateral padding with a negative lateral margin.

If the nearby elements still have the default have position: static, the fact that we’ve relatively positioned the wrapper should make the outputs go on top of what they overlap, otherwise, tweaking the z-index on the .wrap should do it.

The bigger problem is that this technique we’ve used results in some really weird-looking <output> overlaps when were dragging the thumbs.

Increasing the z-index when the <input> is focused on the corresponding <output> as well solves the particular problem of the <output> overlaps:

input[type='range'] {
  &:focus {
    outline: solid 0 transparent;
		
    &, & + output {
      color: darkorange;
      z-index: 2;
    }
  }
}

However, it does nothing for the underlying issue and this becomes obvious when we change the background on the body, particularly if we change it to an image one, as this doesn’t allow the <output> text to hide in it anymore:

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

This means we need to rethink how we hide the <output> elements in the normal state and how we reveal them in a highlight state, such as :focus. We also want to do this without bloating our CSS.

The solution is to use the technique I described about a year ago in the “DRY Switching with CSS Variables” article: use a highlight --hl custom property where the value is 0 in the normal state and 1 in a highlight state (:focus). We also compute its negation (--nothl).

* {
  --hl: 0;
  --nothl: calc(1 - var(--hl));
  margin: 0;
  font: inherit
}

As it is, this does nothing yet. The trick is to make all properties that we want to change in between the two states depend on --hl and, if necessary, its negation (code>–nothl).

$hlc: #f90;

@mixin thumb() {
  /* same as before */
  background-color: $hlc;
}

input[type='range'] {
  /* same as before */
  filter: grayScale(var(--nothl));
  z-index: calc(1 + var(--hl));
  
  &:focus {
    outline: solid 0 transparent;
    
    &, & + output { --hl: 1; }
  }
}

output {
  /* same grid placement */
  margin-left: var(--r);
  max-width: max-content;
  transform: translate(calc((var(--c) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)));
	
  &::after {
    /* same as before */
    background: 
      linear-gradient(rgba(#fff, .3), rgba(#000, .3))
      $hlc;
    border-radius: 5px;
    display: block;
    padding: 0 .375em;
    transform: translate(-50%) scale(var(--hl));
  }
}

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

We’re almost there! We can also add transitions on state change:

$t: .3s;

input[type='range'] {
  /* same as before */
  transition: filter $t ease-out;
}

output::after {
  /* same as before */
  transition: transform $t ease-out;
}

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

A final improvement would be to grayscale() the fill if none of the thumbs are focused. We can do this by using :focus-within on our wrapper:

.wrap {
  &::after {
    /* same as before */
    filter: Grayscale(var(--nothl));
    transition: filter $t ease-out;
  }
	
  &:focus-within { --hl: 1; }
}

And that’s it!

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

Option #2: A flat look

Let’s see how we can get a flat design. For example:

The first step is to remove the box shadows and gradients that give our previous demo a 3D look and make the track background a repeating gradient.:

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

The size change of the thumb on :focus can be controlled with a scaling transform with a factor that depends on the highlight switch variable (--hl).

@mixin thumb() {
  /* same as before */
  transform: scale(calc(1 - .5*var(--nothl)));
  transition: transform $t ease-out;
}

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

But what about the holes in the track around the thumbs?

The mask compositing technique is extremely useful here. This involves layering radial gradients to create discs at every thumb position and, after we’re done with them, invert (i.e. compositing with a fully opaque layer) the result to turn those discs into holes.

This means altering the Pug code a bit so that we’re generating the list of radial gradients that create the discs corresponding to each thumb. In turn, we’ll invert those in the CSS:

//- same as before
- let tpos = thumbs.map((c, i) => `calc(var(--r) + (var(--v${i}) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw))`);
- let fill = tpos.map(c => `linear-gradient(90deg, red ${c}, transparent 0)`);
- let hole = tpos.map(c => `radial-gradient(circle at ${c}, red var(--r), transparent 0)`)

.wrap(role='group' aria-labelledby='multi-lbl' 
  style=`${thumbs.map((c, i) => `--v${i}: ${c.val}`).join('; ')}; 
    --min: ${min}; --max: ${max};
    --fill: ${fill.join(', ')}; 
    --hole: ${hole.join(', ')}`)
  // -same wrapper content as before

This generates the following markup:

<div class='wrap' role='group' aria-labelledby='multi-lbl' 
  style='--v0: -15; --v1: 20; --v2: -35; --v3: 45; 
    --min: -50; --max: 50;
    --fill: 
      linear-gradient(90deg, 
        red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v0) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
        transparent 0), 
      linear-gradient(90deg, 
        red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v1) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
        transparent 0), 
       linear-gradient(90deg, 
         red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v2) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
         transparent 0), 
       linear-gradient(90deg, 
         red calc(var(--r) + (var(--v3) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
         transparent 0); 
     --hole: 
       radial-gradient(circle 
         at calc(var(--r) + (var(--v0) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
         red var(--r), transparent 0), 
       radial-gradient(circle 
         at calc(var(--r) + (var(--v1) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
         red var(--r), transparent 0), 
       radial-gradient(circle 
         at calc(var(--r) + (var(--v2) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
         red var(--r), transparent 0), 
       radial-gradient(circle 
         at calc(var(--r) + (var(--v3) - var(--min))/var(--dif)*var(--uw)), 
         red var(--r), transparent 0)'>
  <!-- same content as before -->
</div>

In the CSS, we set a mask on both pseudo-elements and give a different value for each one. We also XOR the mask layers on them.

In the case of ::before, the mask is the list of radial-gradient() discs XOR-ed with a fully opaque layer (which acts as an inverter to turn the discs into circular holes). For ::after, it’s the list of fill linear-gradient() layers.

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  
  &::before, &::after {
    content: '';
    /* same as before */
    
    --mask: linear-gradient(red, red), var(--hole);

    /* non-standard WebKit version */
    -webkit-mask: var(--mask);
    -webkit-mask-composite: xor;

    /* standard version, supported in Firefox */
    mask: var(--mask);
    mask-composite: exclude;
  }
	
  &::after {
    background: #95a;
    --mask: var(--fill);
  }
}

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

The final step is to adjust the track, fill height, and middle align them vertically within their grid cell (along with the thumbs):

.wrap {
  /* same as before */
  
  &::before, &::after {
    /* same as before */
    align-self: center;
    height: 6px;
  }
}

We now have our desired flat multi-thumb slider!

See the Pen by thebabydino (@thebabydino) on CodePen.

Multi-Thumb Sliders: General Case originally published on CSS-Tricks, which is part of the DigitalOcean family. You should get the newsletter.